Shock Probation in the US Correctional System

Shock Probation in the US punitory SystemAbstractIn an effort to reduce prison overcrowding and recidivism rolls state legislators devised a new and innovative plan called pique probation. Fearing that a lengthy sentence given to a number one time, non-violent offender may drive him/her to a life of crime the program would give an inmate the top exe slicingive appeal their case to a judge. Once the inmates case is heard and if the appeal is accepted, the sentence could be rock-bottom from years to months. In late 1965 Ohio became the first state to enact this new program, other states such as Alabama, Texas, and Kentucky would soon follow. Believing that the first few months of ones prison sentence is the worst, law makers wanted to use this psyche in order to rehabilitate an individual to societal norms and lower the rates associated with re-offending. Recently stroke probation has been utilise in conjunction with prison spate camp programs, where an inmate has a reduced sentence upon utmost of a military-style boot camp. The controversy surrounding knock take probation lies in the manner in which it is handed down. During the programs babyhood it was common for resolve to refuse 10 cases for every 1 case they accepted now fifty-fifty the most violent offenders atomic number 18 being released under this statue.The Role of Shock Probation in the United States Correctional SystemA ReviewThe overcrowding of the United States Department of Corrections prison formation, in both bragging(a) and juvenile facilities is one of the biggest problems set about corrections to solar day. The problem exists on multiple levels including the courts, prisons, and community corrections alike. When questioned judges agree that the numbers are high but are forced to use programs as a means to alleviate overcrowding in jails and prisons in many cases the state mandates these conditions leaving judges little dexterity to enforce harsher punishments. Often prosec utors strike used shock probation as a bargaining chip in order to get defendants to plead guilty. Shock probation enjoyed early success Ohio saw a 9% recidivism rate compared to the national average of 65 to 80 % (Time , 1973). However, more recently in a 2007 study do by the Courier Journal of Jefferson County, Kentucky found that of 260 shock probationers 120 have arrested or charged again. Of those charged more than 60% were for felonies such as rape, armed robbery, do medicates possession, and murder. This review examines the effectiveness of shock probation and examines the pursuit issues.1. Recidivism rates.2. Economic impact, prison versus probation.3. The impact of shock probation when paired with prison boot camps.Recidivism RatesOne of the problems facing shock probation today is the way it is handed down. In fact nearly two thirds of felony offenders who retrieved shock probation last year have been rearrested or returnedto prison for violating the conditions of t heir release (Mark Motivans, 2010). These statistics would indicate the program doesnt work or it is being handed down to the wrong people. In most cases a subjects reprehensible history is reviewed by a judge before determining whether they would be deemed a good candidate under the shock probation program, preferring they dont have a long prison term to serve. John Faine, a Western Kentucky University professor who analyze shock probation in the 1970s said the statistics concerning recidivism are horrifying and out of control, especially given the bill of offenders committing felonies (Riley, 2007). In a similar study done by the U.S Department of Corrections found that when shock probation is handed down to non-violent offenders under the correct conditions there is just a 9% re-offender rate this is in support of the 1973 Time Magazine study. However, in a case involving a probationer of the Kentucky penal system was released in 1998 under the conditions of shock probation onl y to have it revoked five days later. He would serve another(prenominal) two years (all on drug charges) before returning to prison again in 2001 and in 2003 and yet once more last year only to have shock probation handed down a second time in his release(www.e-archives.ky.gov). It is clearly evident that if programs like this are going to have any success treatment programs and drug counseling are needed in follow up to the release of these cases.Sentence types for offenders sentenced in criminal cases terminated, by offense,October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008Total offendersMost serious offense of trust sentenced Incarceration ProbationAll offenses 82,823 77.9 % 11.7 % 3.4 %Felonies 75,832 83.9 % 8.9 % 0.4 %Shock Probation 5Violent offenses 2,442 93.4 % 4.5 % 0.1 %Drug offenses 26,323 91.7 % 3.9 % 0.3 %Trafficking 26,198 91.8 % 3.8 % 0.3%Other drug offenses 125,492 62.4 % 28.0 % 4.0 %Note. The statistics on criminal cases show the overwhelming number of incarcerated drug offences a s opposed to other crimes. The statistics are from Mark Motivans, Ph.D. (2010). federal official Justice Statistics, 2008- Statistical Tables. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http//bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailiid=1745 .Economic impact, Prison versus probationOnly Medicaid has a keener budget spending plan then the United States Correctional System which outspends both cargo ships and education. Even with a decreasing crime rate the number of people incarcerated, on probation, or give-and-taked has uprise over the past decade commanding a budget of more than 47 billion to assuage the numbers (Solomon Moore, 2009). Each State spends on average of $29,000 on prison inmates as opposed to $1,473 on probationers and $3150 on those on parole (Mark Motivans, 2010).The average daily cost to the tax payers is about $3.00 a day to monitor a parolee however, state legislators still push for more prisons despite the significant struggle i n cost in their view the only way to address the public demand in combating crime is to build more prisons. Recidivism rates remain high despite the budget of the punitive system. The stopping point to sentence an offender to long term incarceration has to be thought carefully, too often it is the drug crimes that clog jail and prison cells.The amount of case loads that are being handled by parole officers can sometimes exceed 70 (Cook, 2008 ) at one time, and despite recent cutbacks, state and localities are not allocating the proper funds or staffing needed to house adequate supervision. Offenders who do not receive proper supervision are more likely to commit new crimes with new victims or allow be found in violation of the conditions of supervision, in turn will fill court dockets and at last prisons (Cook, 2008 ). With community corrections lacking sufficient increases in funding, keeping pace with the demands for services such as drug treatment and employment will be extr emely difficult.The impact of shock probation when paired with prison boot camps.The first boot camps got their start in the states of Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983 (Harold A. Valentine, 1993). A great deal of attention was paid to these states programs and many other states and prison systems followed suit. The federal Bureau of prisons also invested in a separate boot camp designed especially for women, and by the year 1999 fifty boot camps operated in thirty states with nearly 4500 juveniles however, by the end of 2000 many states had ended or radically cut back the size of their programs (Parent, 1997). During the height of boot camps success strict requirements were placed on the selection bear on and the eligibility of those selected and was carefully evaluated prior to being sent there. Positions in the program were often offered to offenders convicted of non-violent crimes such as drug offences or burglary and to those with non extensive criminal past. Using the shock probat ion format a camp generally lasted amidst 90 and 180 days (Parent, 1997), those dropped or expelled from the program were all sent back to court for resentencing or finished the prison sentence. Upon successful completion of the program inmates are treated to a graduation communion in which military drills and turn back are displayed, and in most cases the families are encouraged to attend.Shock probation in the form of boot camp may all share a common name, corps values, and the basics of military discipline however, the programs can differ dramatically. Some camps focus on hard labor and discipline while others place values on rehabilitation and treatment still others place the center of precedence on education. Different still are the ways offenders receive probation after the completion of the program, some provide drug treatment, vocational counseling, others provide short term housing (Parent, 1997). Whether the offender experiences an extensive probation or a traditional case, critics of boot camps worry about the offenders ability to transition from a highly structured environment to normal life in the community.When beginning this project I was not a supporter of either shock probation or correctional boot camps however, in reading the testimonies of people that study and work in them I couldnt help but feel some sense of what was trying to be accomplished. Reading the stories of those who employ their lives in an effort to give a youth a better chance or an self-aggrandising to correct the wrong in their life put these programs in a different light. The aspect of these programs that is so disappointing revolve around the recidivism rates, and the disappointing figures by the U.S Department of Justice 60 to 80% when compared to constant prison terms that are almost the same at 63 to 71%. Shock probation and correctional boot camps will remain a controversial issue in the prison system however, the fact remains, overcrowding and improper rehab ilitation continue to plague the system.

Case Study Social Media Marketing In Pakistan Marketing Essay

Case Study genial Media merchandising In Pakistan Marketing Es verbalizeThe well-disposed web is very(prenominal) as the word explains it accessible. In compendious, Social Mediais a medium for hearty interaction, using highly reachable communication techniques. Social Media and Social Media Net functional be the most important technologies that have been altering the face of the Internet. The Internet as we know it has grown-up so often in the past few years sometimes its difficult to believe.Social Media and PakistanFor the previous few years People of Pakistan have started expressing their views and opinions through Twitter, Facebook, Orkut, Google Buzz, blogging, and so on. Now a common Pakistani net income substance abuser is more(prenominal) awargon of environment than he was ever before. In short the companionable media have infinitely educated the common Pakistani.Social Media for BusinessesOnline advertising is non somewhat new. Google, Yahoo, and MSN have rule d the internet when it comes to internet advertising platforms. Over the last 5 years websites like Facebook, twitter, linkedin have continued to grow in reputation and popularity, creating amplified opportunities for businesses to market online and reach millions of consumers.Organizations in Pakistan have been promoting their products, services and brands using social media but salvage the industry has to crop up to not worth it. thither is digit of brands that used social media not only as a merchandise bastard but in like manner as a fail customer service solution but still the results of such(prenominal) merchandise dicks in Pakistan are all the same to realize. Though, our neighboring country India and many other countries has been using these social media websites as a trade tool and getting better outputs from their social media campaigns.Social Media MarketingSocial media in Pakistan is shaping up which could be used as a cheap medium of merchandise and customer se rvice. Brands in Pakistan are investing hell of amount in television ads, radio and news paper ads, but most of our brands and organizations are not aware of the possibilities of social media marketing. Social media can boost up their sales and can underframe goodwill with less cost. Only businesses are not neglecting the possibilities of social media, educational sector is also doing the same thing. There is not even a single institute in Pakistan who is offering a short term or long term course on Internet Marketing. Even there should be a course on internet marketing for marketing graduates. They should be taught how to move internet marketing campaigns rather just telling them what marketing actually is and how to trap a customer by withering hell of amount on TVCs and radio ads. Our marketing graduates do know how to design a TVC or how to bring creativity in radio ads but they dont know how to run an internet marketing campaign. another(prenominal) issue arising now a old age while hiring social media executives and that issue is who should run internet marketing campaigns Who are more competent in running these campaigns? Either, Business graduates or computer sciences graduates?I reckon social media has all the beauty in its two way communication model. Its all to the highest degree collect feedback from customer and creating awareness. A company which is operating their social media must listen to the complaints. This is an open platform for the customers to say anything they want. So companies must not make this media as unmatchable way communication models. And I strongly believe that there must be a course of Internet marketing for all marketing grads. M. Sajjad, Social Media ExecutiveHave you ever wonderedhow mega-corporations manage their social media initiatives? Almost hundreds of mega corporations running their social media campaigns on social networks.Intel InternationalIf we take Intel as an example, Ekaterina has been a part of Int els Social Media Center of Excellence, She is managing Intels Facebook fan page. In an question with Michael Stelzner Ekaterina told that Intel created their Facebook page for folks to talk about technology and, of course, Intel products. In the beginning the growth of Intel popularity on Facebook was 3% to 4% but after more attention and attractive contents it goes up to 10% to 12% monthly growth.According to Ekaterina 20 or 30 years ago, they have been talking to folks in computer clubs about the products of Intel but now with the advancement of internet they can communicate with thousands of customers from one place. super acid BlueJetBlue was one of the first mega brands to join Twitter and started communication with their customers. Today, Jetblue has over a million followers, and its mark is often cited as an example of smart corporate tweeting. Through informal employee/customer interactions via Twitter, they hoped to humanize their stallion organizationSome people were as king for help, and others were saying things that werent correct, recalls JetBlues manager of corporate communications, Morgan Johnston.Coca-ColaCoca-cola international is also the one who used social media as a stigmatisation tool to create positive brand stunt man in the mind of the customers.Coca-cola international is also the one who used social media as a branding tool to create positive brand image in the mind of the customers.Cocacola in the year 2009 got the gain as the brand making the best use of Facebook by The Big Money for running a best campaign on Facebook known as Expedition 206.Michael Donnelly, who is Group Director of Worldwide synergistic Marketing for Coca-Cola told in a report that their My Coke Rewards program was a biggest hit and it was a get hold of to create emotional loyalty in the mind of the customers.Zong PakistanNow if we talk about social media marketing in Pakistan there are limited numbers of brands using social media as a tool to interact with customers. Zong Pakistan recently came up with a new product M9. They created a facebook fan page and interacted with the customers, intelligent them scratch cards, Ipods and different other gifts. M9 on facebook went a massive hit, with in just 3 days they got more than 20,000 facebook Fans and more than 2000 users interacting with them on facebook fan page.With Less investment in social Media Zong created enough awareness. Got the views of customers about their favorite mobile packages and what flake of packages users wants?Intel PakistanAfter a huge success of Intel International facebook fan page, Intel also adopted their social media marketing strategy in Pakistan.Intel Pakistan Brought a platform where users can share, discuss and good get first hand information about the latest technology developments and know whats happening in the world of Intel Pakistan.In a short period of time Intel Pakistan got more than 40,000 facebook fans who interacts with the Intels management so good that was never before.The Use of Social Media In PakistanI asked many questions from the participants from all over the Pakistan about social media in Pakistan and its usage.Use of Social Media(Usage of social media websites)I began with simply asking the participants if they use social media in there daily life? In response to this question participants replied that they do use different social media websites in daily life and Facebook is famous in all of them. 99% of the participants use facebook and they have profiles on Facebook. Where as twitter stood at second place in this question with 48% respondents.People vulcanised 18-25 are more likely to use Facebook and Twitter where as people with the age 25-35 are more likely to use LinkedIn and Twitter. 27% Professionals, Graduates and Postgraduate students are addictive to social media websites as most of respondents were professionals and students. There were 75% males who answered my questions which show more males are using social media websites than females.Time a soulfulness spends on social media websites(Time Per Session)(Login Duration)In Answer to my question which was asked to judge the time a person spends on Social media websites per seance 61% respondents said they spend more than 30 minutes in social media websites per session means their 1 session is more than half an hour.If I estimate total time a person spends on his/her favorite social media website in 1 day it would an average time of 3-4 Hours in a day. Male professionals are likely to spend more time on social websites in comparison to female professionals.Ad Views(Did you notice any ads?)(Clicks on Ads)72% of the social media website users notice ads that are being displayed on these websites. Where as 28% respondents do not consider or notice such advertisements on social media websites.Significantly 42% of the respondents click on ads most of the time and 38% clicks occasionally. 42% of respondents who clicks these ads re gularly are mostly the youth.Advertisements(Ads that are liked the most)(Organizations working Social media marketing)People like images and schoolbook ads the most on social media websites this is clear messages to our future social marketing admans this could help them to understand what type of ads they should design.There are 60% organizations in Pakistan who dont have any dedicated department or person who is working on social media websites to promote their business where are 40% respondents said their organizations are working on social media marketing.Where People Want to Advertise On(Where you would like to advertise as an advertiser?)When I asked respondents this question if they are a marketing manager of an organization and they are required to run a campaign on social media then what social media theyd prefer to market their products? And 96% respondents were in the favor of Facebook.45% professionals said they would prefer Facebook and Twitter for marketing of their p roducts. Where as 30% of Graduates said they would either prefer Linkedin and Facebook.In short, most of the people want to market their products in social media sites and they want to necessitate how to use the social media tools available.

Understanding the various World Climate Types

Understanding the various World humor TypesScientists used the discourse Climate to describe the precipitation and temperature of an argona for a long rate of merge of time. They assume defined the factors that possess a colossal belief on temperature. These factors take on latitude, roam, elevation, as tumesce as the effect of the nearby marine on-goings. The scientists pointed out that the factors which contribute primarily to precipitation atomic number 18 the prevailing winds and stilt ranges. As for the earths study humor regulate, the scientists book divided the earth into ternion main regions north-polar, temperature and tropic order. In this study, we will discuss on the whole that proceedss in details in addition to other numbers which atomic number 18 related to the modality. (Ruddiman, et.al (2005)1- Factors poignant mode 1.1 Elevation it is produce that the higher you go, the colder it gets. When oxygen becomes less in the air, it affects v egetation. The oxygen exists in the rain shadow of mountains leads to relief rain ( in the matter of fact the monsoons occurred when air goes up to passes over the Himalayas, carrying a curing of weewee. When it goes up, it cools and so cant carry the piss, therefore it rains).1.2 Latitude, berth the further you atomic number 18 from the equator, the colder it is. This because the sun rays coming on the earth are less and, therefore, they have less warming effect because the angle of the planet becomes near urine go forthing in altering the high specific heat capacity canvass to land. This means that water has the mogul to eat up a lot of energy without showing a rattling big dislodge in the temperature. The exterminate is excessively true. Therefore the islands and areas which are surrounded by water have fewer variations in the temperature full point over the course of the year (including twenty-four hours and night, than continental places. (William F. Ruddiman (2005)1.3 Wind in the matter of fact, wind leads to cut the ability of a place to support life. This because it removes away tout ensemble the soil as well as what is needed to start life. At the coast, for example ,life further begins on the strand line because that keeps providing a little shelter against the wind , therefore the go unders become capable to grow and they, in turn, lead to housing the debris to become a bigger wind shelter etcetera nevertheless, without the wind shelter, it would have retributive blown away. 1.4 Oceans the seas have a great effect on the mood. The Indian Ocean, for example, represents a signature of clime channel over the past years. It has showed the temperatures the modality near Australia. By measuring and analyzing the climate, it is clear that there are changes in features of the ocean that cannot be explained by inborn variability. These changes on the ocean climate are almost related to changes in the heat structure of the atmos phere and this affected the temperature of water by face lifting it in the Indian Ocean of around two degrees Celsius. There are many other factors such as atmosphere (thickness, composition), shape of land, ozone, and inbred disaster such volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc. 2.0 Earths major(ip)(ip) climate zone 1. chargedo It is a cognise fact that the polar climate zone goes from North and South Poles to 60 degrees latitude. The annu all(prenominal)y average temperatures stand at a lower place freezing, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. There are some(a) famous polar zones which include Alaskas and Canadas northern coasts as well as the southwardernmost efflorescence of South America, in which the snow melts during the warmest periods of the year. Many areas have layers of ice or glaciers. They get up to 10 inches of precipitation yearly, this, in turn result in making the area very dry.2.2 Temperateo It is a known fact that the temperate zone is situated between the diametric or cold Regions and the tropics, ranging from nigh 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees latitude, north and south of the equator. The areas which are very far from the equator may have snow during the winter season. The rains fall end-to-end the year closer to the equator. Yearly, the average temperatures range from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. interior deserts are overly included in temperate zone includes, such as the Gobi Desert in Central Asia and the Great blonde Desert in Australia. (Edwards, et.al (2001)2.3 Tropical Zoneso Tropical zones, in the matter of fact, tend to cover the area ranging from the Tropic of Capricorn, situated at 23.5 degrees south latitude, up to the Tropic of Cancer, situated at 23.5 degrees north latitude. The Tropical zones include high temperatures as well as humidity levels. Throughout the year, the temperature degree remains above 64 Fahrenheit. Throughout the day, temperature degree sometimes exceeds 95 Fahrenheit. It is known that the tropical clima tes have sub-tropical zones including rainforests, semi-arid zones and savannas. These climates have high levels of humidity as a result of the air convection and vertical uplift.Climate ChangesIn the matter of fact, the climate changes all over the initiation. Actually, we have new changes in the climate end-to-end the world. No one, all over the world, can deny this fact. Those changes may have a great effect on life passim the world in general and on the Arabic area in particular. In fact, the problem of climate change has a kin with the problems of the water or rivers resources and human health therefore, these changes may have a prejudicious effect on the economy of various expectries throughout the world. Rising of temperature may lead to the destruction of many beaches the matter may result in causing harm to the animals in the oceans. World Climate Type The Kppen Climate Classification System is the ashes which is used throughout the world to classify the various type s of climates in the world. The categories of this system are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature as well as precipitation. The Kppen system has identintified five major types of climate , each one of these types is distinguished by a capital letter. A Tropical Moist Climates it a known fact that this type of climate has average temperatures exceeding 18 Celsius all months. B Dry Climates it is well known that this type of climate has substandard precipitation nigh throughout the year. C Moist Mid-latitude Climates this type of has easy Winters. D Moist Mid-Latitude Climates this type of climate has Cold Winters. E Polar Climates this kind of climate has innately cold winters and summers (Ruddiman, et.al (2005)There are likewise 8 biomes. It is known that they represent the tropical forest, dessert, temperate grassland, savannah, temperate forest, coniferous (pine) forest, chaparral and tundra. There are some people who may count High Mountain and arcti c as two extra biomes, however they theyre not really biomes because they dont have almost n plant life,How the oceans cast the climate It is a well known fact that the oceans have a great influence on the climate over long as well as short time-scales. On the longest time-scale of geologic time, the location and shape of the continents leads to specify the oceans circulation patterns. As continental plates drift at nearly 5 cm per year and mountain ranges spread out by nearly 1 mm, it takes usually many years for new land formations in order to change the oceans. In the matter of fact, the patterns of ocean circulation can as well change rapidly, leading to climate fluctuations and variations on a human time-scale. Records of regional, in particular, and global, in general, climate indicates periods continuing from years to centuries during which the climate was systematically diametric from earlier and later periods. Most of the scientists believe that this behavior has a rel ationship with the changes in the way that the oceans store and transport heat, though the precise causes of these changes are not always clear. (D. Qin, et.al 2007)The scientists sure that there is a strong contact between the oceans and the atmosphere indicating that they together form the most dynamic parcel of the climate system.The temperature and circulation patterns of the atmosphere-ocean system can be altered as a result of changes in external factors such the distribution of various plant species, the suns energy or the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Atmosphere and oceans can also generate internal fluctuations because they are turbulent. The currents and temperature of the profound ocean can also be directly influenced by the short-term changes and fluctuations in wind or temperature (namely, weather), meanwhile oceanic fluctuations can diminish, magnify, or modify the atmospheric fluctuations. The scientists assured that the oceans play an all- pr egnant(prenominal) role in storing nose candy and heat. The change in temperature becomes greater and faster over the land than the over the oceans especially when the earths muster up cools or is heated by the sun. The ocean spread the effects of the temperature change for great distances through vertical mixing and convective movements because it is a fluid. On the contrary, the self-colored land cannot, therefore the suns heat penet pass judgment only the thin, upper crust. The oceans ability to absorb more than heat resulted in that when an area of ocean becomes cooler or warmer than usual, it takes much longer for that area to revert to normal than it would for a land area. This clarifies the reason that makes maritime climates tend to be less extreme than continental ones, with smaller day-night and winter-summer differences. The powerful currents lead to abject the oceans waters constantly. The currents of the airfoil are largely wind-driven, though the presence of co ntinents, the rotation of the earth, as well as the oceans internal dynamics have a great influence. The slow-wittedness differences produced by alter and heating as well as by and evaporation and precipitation lead to driving the deep-ocean flow. The behavior of the atmosphere in reality has great effects on these density differences. Clouds, for example, can lead to cooling the sea by preventing the warming rays coming from the sun or reducing the surface salinity by bringing rain. The wind can also have a great influence on the evaporation rates by blowing more weakly or more strongly. By transporting heat, these currents have a great influence on the climate. The horizontal currents, especially the currents moving north or south, can carry cooled or warmed or water as far as many thousand kilometers. afterwards that, the displaced water can cool or warm the air as well as the land over which this air passes. Water from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, for example, move s north through the Atlantic in a current with is well known as the Gulf Stream. There it passes the shores of Western Europe, resulting in producing the climate which is mild for that latitude. Scientists asserted that the currents which are involved in deep water formation are very important for climate. Surface cooling, in winter, makes water become gruelingr. (As the fresh-water which is cooled begins to expand at temperatures less than 4 C, salt-water continues to compress all the way down to its freezing point of -2 C.) .In the areas where the evaporation becomes more than precipitation, the resulting rise in salinity leads increasing density. Convective overturning occurs as well as the dense surface water mixes downwards especially when the surface water becomes denser than the underlying water. In some places this downward mixing can extend all the way to the bottom, even in deep oceans. Therefore, the dense, deep water which is make spreads throughout the ocean. When the downward mixing occurs at high latitudes, as a result, it leads to creating a circulation pattern where the warm water from tropical and subtropical regions moves rod cell ward, surrenders heat to the atmosphere, sinks, cools and flows back towards the equator. This in turn resulted in transporting the heat perch ward. Now it becomes clear that a small change in just one aspect of the oceans behavior can result in producing major climate variations over very bi areas of the earth. The cold-water formation areas represent respectable example of this possibly wide-spread phenomenon. Although the scientists asserted that there is an urgent need for conducting more researches, the oceanographers agreed that, as for the whole area north of 30 N latitude, the oceans pole ward transport of heat is equivalent to nearly 15 watts per square meter of the earths surface (W/m2). This actually can be compared with somewhat 200 W/m2 from direct sunshine, and nearly 6 W/m2 for what climate chan ge models predict will happen if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide doubles. Ocean core records, recent observations, and many results denoted that North Atlantic deep formation as well as its ocean heat flow changes and fluctuate substantially over time-scales ranging from years up to millennia. Effect of climate change on oceans In the matter of fact, the climate change and variation may have a great effect on the oceans throughout the world. Actually, from the south Arctic with its diminishing sea ice to the new low-lying beach areas in England to the Great Barrier Reef, the temperature of the planet raised more than the last century. The sea level is continuously rising. The CO2 gas levels are constantly increasing. The planets and animals are appearing in some areas and disappearing from others. As for the climate variation and change, the oceans represent a wonderful source of indicators. The climate change, in general, has a great effect on these oceans are af fected. The Climate change has also a great effect on the ocean animals such as the sea turtles, polar bears, penguins, right whales, lobsters, seals, and cod. The beach sea fish are also involved therefore it is too important to work on ways that may lead to reducing the damaging impacts that the climate has by supporting the research, creating pristine marine protected sanctuaries and promoting sustainable seafood. (Hansen, et.al (2000). Conclusion Finally, we can safely say that climate play an important role in our world. In this study, we have tried to cover some of the main sides of the climate in the world. First, we touched upon one of the main sides of the climate in the world, namely, the factors that have a great effect on the climate explaining how these factors affect the climate greatly. Then we moved to another important point, that is, the earths major climate zone explaining how the scientists have divided the earth into three major regions polar, temperature and t ropical zone. We didnt stop at this point, but we continue to shed the uninfected on the world climate type, the oceans influence on the climate and the effect of climate change on oceans to end our study with the effect of the climate change on the Indian Ocean.

Life expectancy, the number of years that a

c arer expectation, the itemise of years that a195462A discussion of the factors that contri scarcee to lower breeding foretaste inthe due double-ubound of Scotland as compared to some other part of the U.KLife expectancy, the result of years that a person nooky expect to leave on average, is a single measure of nation health which is utilise to monitor public health, health inequalities, and the outcome of health service interventions and to portion resources.Life expectancy in ScotlandThe relationship between health and riches is complex. One as yet unexplained paradox in Scotland is that, stock-still when matched with their English counter part of comparable socio-economic status, Scots are relatively less rock-loving over a range of indicators from age standardised mortality to precise disease outcomes ( interpret 1).Figure 1 Directly standardised mortality judge per 1,000 populations, 1990/92, by country and deprivation quintile.These findings suggest that there are factors at work, other than simply wealth, which are making Scots unhealthier than hatful in other parts of the UK ( Scotch executives 2007). atomic number 74 of Scotland A DescriptionWest of Scotland is unmatched of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliawork forcet which were created in 1999. In harm of local government areas the region covers West Dunbartonshire East Renfrewshire Inverclyde Most of Renfrewshire (otherwise deep down the Glasgow region) Most of East Dunbartonshire (otherwise indoors the Central Scotland region) Part of Argyll and Bute (otherwise within the Highlands and Islands region) Part of North Ayrshire (otherwise within the South of Scotland region)Within Scotland, manners expectancy is lo western for people living in the west of Scotland. According to the Scottish household survey, healthy animateness expectancy at birth is 63.3years and 60.3years in fe antherals and males, respectively of greater Glasgow for example. These figu res are the lowest in the UK (Scottish Public wellness sentinel 2007).Life in the West of ScotlandWhile parts of west Scotland gravel prospered with greater oeuvre and better paid middle-class jobs, in other parts worklessness and low income are commonplace. The issue for west Scotland is that greater reductions in disease move over been achieved elsewhere and so west Scotlands health has father worse relatively in comparison to other UK cities. Estimates of career expectancy suggest that people living in west Scotland not only live shorter lives, but succumb to disease and affection earlier in life. An explanation to this is that the health of an individual is largely resolute by the circumstances in which he or she lives. Poor health is associated with poverty, poor housing, low educational status, un function and a variety of other life circumstances (Tackling wellness Inequalities 2007). health inequalities within Scotland and between the west of Scotland and the catch ones breath of the UK appear to be widening. In the 10 years to 2001, average male life expectancy in Scotland increased by 3% but the rate of increase was more rapid in the close to sloshed parts of the country, with the least squiffy west areas falling behind (Whyte and Walsh 2004). The new-fangled decline in death rates from common conditions such as cardiovascular disease has as well been more rapid among the more affluent (Krawczyk 2004). Thus, despite the overall improvements, the west of Scotland still lags behind.Economic factorsA number of elans connect to the economy are also notable in West Scotland. There are now more women than men in employment in Glasgow and part-time work has grown to represent more than a quarter of all jobs. The service sector has grown to become the most important sector of the heart of West Scotlands economy, while manufacturing employment has shrunk (Scottish Public health Observatory 2007).Social factorsIt is common knowledge that thos e who smoke, become obese through eating a poor diet or through lack of exercise, and those who drink alcohol in excessive quantities or abuse drugs have poor health. Smoking levels in west Scotland have remained higher than those observed in other parts of the UK. Hanlon and his colleagues (2001) have shown that, by 1991, deprivation appears to explain only 40% of the excess deaths in Scotland (2001). Gillis and his colleagues (1988) have imbed that, at comparable daily smoking rates and levels of affluence, men in the West of Scotland are more likely to die from lung cancer than other populations in the UK or the US (Gillis 1988) (Figure 2).Figure 2 analogy of lung cancer mortality in Renfrew and Paisley with three major cohorts in US and UK.The increasing impact of alcohol is undeniable There are estimated to be more than 13,500 problem alcohol users resident within Glasgow City, and since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a striking increase in numbers of alcohol re lated deaths and hospitalisations especially in west Scotland. Simple projections of alcohol related deaths ground on recent trends suggest that the number of alcohol related deaths in great Glasgow could double in the coterminous twenty years (Figure 3) (Scottish executives 2007).Figure 3 Alcohol related mortality in West Scotland Greater GlasgowThe impact of the use of illicit drugs also serves to further decrease life expectancy in west Scotland in comparison with other parts of the UK. Between 1996 and 2004, drug related deaths in Greater Glasgow for example, rose by a third. There are estimated to be around 25,000 problem drug users in the West of Scotland, of whom more than 11,000 live in Glasgow (Scottish executives 2007). Life expectancy for drug addicts is expectedly very low and these figures will impact negatively on the overall life expectancy for the region.In Glasgow and other parts of west Scotland, it is predicted that single adults will compute for 49% of all ho useholds in the next ten years, while lone parent households may rise to direct up almost one in two of households with children (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007).Obesity levels have risen exceedingly in west Scotland to the extent that in Greater Glasgow, for example, a fifth of males and almost a quarter of females are now estimated to be obese, with well over half(a) classified as overweight. Trends in hospitalisation for diabetes, much of which is associated with obesity, have also risen dramatically in recent years (Scottish executives 2007).A heathen issueThe ethnic minority population of west Scotland has risen in recent years and looks set to increase further, particularly taking into account the recent rise in the asylum seeker and refugee population. The influence of this trend on life expectancy within the region remains to be determined (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007).Provision of services notwithstanding improvements in overall house conditions and dramatic decreases in levels of overcrowding, housing-related problems persist for colossal numbers of residents of Greater Glasgow and the West of Scotland (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). upstart research suggests other important ways in which the environment and life circumstances can affect biological processes which in turn can make individuals more susceptible to ill health. By following the throw out of male civil servants over a 10 year period, Marmot and his colleagues found that mortality was approximately three times greater among the lowest grades than the highest (Marmot et al 1978). When deaths from heart disease were considered, the recognised risk factors of smoking, high blood hale and elevated cholesterol levels could account for part of the differences between the groups. Other studies have confirmed that higher levels of risk of death in a work population are explained by health-related behaviours (Marmot 2000). There is mounting evidence that at le ast part of the unexplained increase in risk crosswise the social classes is related to how the body responds to social tension. lendable data shows that people are perhaps exposed to a high level of stress factors in west Scotland (Scottish Public Health Observatory 2007). Whether these stress types and levels are more or comparable to what is obtainable in other parts of the UK remains an unanswered question..ReferencesGillis CR, Hole DJ, Hawthorne VM, 1988.Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer in an area of very high incidence-II Report of a general population cohort study in the West of Scotland. J Epidemiology and Community Health 42 44-48.Hanlon P, Walsh D, Buchanan D, Redpath A (2001). Chasing the Scottish Effect. Public Health Institute of Scotland (now NHS Health Scotland) Glasgow 2001.Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley M, Hamilton PJ. (1978) Employment grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1978 Dec 32(4) 244-9.Marmot MG (2000) Multi-level approaches to sense social determinants in Berkman and Kawachi (eds) Social Epidemiology New York. Oxford University Press pp 349-367.Scottish executives (2007) Internet Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendLifeExpectancyScottish Public Health Observatory (2007) Healthy life expectancy in Scotland (Internet) (Accessed 15/04/07) http//www.scotpho.org.uk/web/ situation/home/Populationdynamics/Healthylifeexpectancy/hle_intro.aspTackling Health Inequalities An NHS Response (2007) Internet (Accessed 15/04/07) www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/nationalframework/Documents/TACKLING%20HEALTHINEQUALITIES240505Whyte B and Walsh D. (2004) Scottish Constituency Profiles 2004.www.phis.org.uk/ info/sub.asp?p=bbb Krawczyk A. (2004) Monitoring Health Inequalities. Scottish Executive Health plane section Analytical Services Division 2004.

Garmin: Marketing Research Paper

Garmin selling Research PaperRic strong Kelly1. Executive heavysetSummaryAirspace regulations across the globe atomic number 18 becoming more sumptuary with requirements for improved navigation solutions, more efficient communications, and robust traffic and clash advisory ashess (Federal air Administration, 2016). Garmin is strong positioned with several products already in merchandise and innovations on the drawing board to catch and exceed these changes. Target segments to be concentrated on be command atmosphere and duty aviation. Marketing go forth focus on brand imaging and using up of our business partners for more direct contact lens with our intended customers.Positioning StatementTo aircraft operators who compulsion the latest in NextGen equipment to assure changing airspace requirements, Garmin is the source for in entirely your equipment needs with innovative and reliable devices ready to lead the way.3. Overview of Companya. bang StatementTo be an e nduring company by creating superior products for automotive, aviation, marine, outdoor, and sports that are an essential part of our customers lives.b. Product DescriptionGarmin makes a complete path of universal aviation and moneymaking(prenominal) aviation avionics, from basic instrumentality to advance(a) Electronic escape Information Systems (EFIS). Specializing in NextGen avionics fires designed to meet coming(prenominal) airspace requirements such as automatic dependent surveillance (ADS-B) out, GPS/GNSS RNAV, ADS-C, and controller-pilot datalink communications (CPDLC). High end displays integrate navigation data with moving defend and traffic data, as well as, navaid and escapism plan data.CompetitorsThe avionics market is before long highly private-enterprise(a). Potential market expansion is attracting many small start-ups as well as study players like Boeing and Lockheed. There is enough cash to be made in our primary segments that they may decide to augmen t their product lines. Biggest expected competitors in our intention segment are Aspen Avionics, Avidyne Corporation, Chelton Flight Systems, CMC Electronics, Free Flight Systems, Genesys Aerosystems, Honeywell, Inc., Innovative Solutions and Support Inc., L-3 Avionics Systems, Rockwell Collins, Inc., Sagem SA and Universal Avionics Systems Corporation (Garmin Ltd., 2015, p. 14). distributively of these competitors has a strong presence in the market already and loafer drug abuse their established systems to effectively exploit any opportunities.SWOT compendStrengthFor expansion in both the commercial aviation and general aviation markets we have several strengths on which we can capitalize. One of our biggest is human body recognition. enchantment several of our competitors are well known in approximately aviation circles, we are better known for our direct to consumer products as well as our aviation products. We can capitalize on our existing manufacturing, distribution, and merchandise channels by expanding and improving each.Weakness slice regulatory agencies testify to give long lead times before making major changes to the requirements of the technology, on occasion they will come down with short account changes to meet some in the buff performance capability. As with near technology, on that point is a lengthy lead time to incorporate a new change into our existing product lines. We will need to look in the lead to anticipate possible emerging technologies and build in upgradability in as many products as possible to keep ahead of the competition. Rapid consolidation of new requirements can be difficult.OpportunityWith the updated regulatory requirements coming to most airspace around the existence, we have opportunity to expand our general aviation market. Most general aviation aircraft are not equipped to meet the new requirements. To meet this opportunity, we need to create affordable solutions that still meet performance requiremen ts and can easily be used by general aviation operators. Products for general aviation should be universal enough for use in a wide range of aircraft with minimal modification to the aircraft. bare-ass requirements will also provide opportunities to grow our commercial aviation market. scourgeCurrently, one of our biggest threats is litigation based on product malfunction and unvarnished infringement. Lesser threats to the bottom line come from fluctuations in currency reciprocation rates and political unrest in various parts of the world (Garmin Ltd., 2015, pp. 19, 21).3. Market Segmenta. PrimaryWe will primarily continue to target business class commercial aircraft.b. SecondaryOur secondary segment will be general aviation aircraft but we will be targeting them at close to the same level as our primary segment.c. RationaleWhile the general aviation market has a larger number of aircraft, the number, type, and bell structure for the equipment has a lower rate of return than the commercial market. It is hard to expect consumers to pay $20,000 or more on a level(p) that cost $40,000. We expect they will opt for smaller, more affordable upgrade. The commercial equipment market has a wider range of upgrade opportunities many of our sure products already meet. In addition, the higher-grade equipment has some built in options and upgradability. Business operators will be looking to lead turn these requirements, some of which have already been enforced in foreign markets. Last, commercial aircraft often are provisioned for two pilots. With the flop marketing, there is opportunity to provide a more robust flight deck upgrade.4. 4 Ps, Branding Strategya. ProductOur product is a complete line of aircraft avionics includingGPS-enabled navigation, VHF communications transmitters/receivers, multi-function displays, electronic flight instrumentation systems (EFIS), automatic flight control systems, traffic advisory systems and traffic encounter avoidance systems, terrain awareness and warning systems, instrument landing system (ILS) receivers, last radar, surveillance products, audio panels, cockpit datalink systems and more (Garmin Ltd., 2015, p.10).b. PriceWe will continue with our current pricing structure with affordable upgrades, standalone equipment, and contracted rates for larger customers. While we have strong competition, we will adjust our price structure, as required, to tolerate competitive. The target segments we are working with are captive, they are required to upgrade or will no longer be able to lock their aircraft. With that, they are generally willing to pay a reasonable and competitive price.c. Place (Distribution) PlanWe currently have an established distribution systemGarmins retrofit avionics and aviation portable products are sold through choose aviation dealers around the world and, in the case of aviation portable products, also through catalogs and pilot shops. Garmins largest aviation dealers include Aircraft Spruce metier Co., Elliott Aviation, Gulf Coast Avionics Corp., Sarasota Avionics, and Sportsmans Market. Avionics dealers have the training, equipment and certified staff required for at-airport episode of Garmins avionics equipment. (Garmin Ltd., 2015, p. 13)It is intimateed that we partner also with AP license holders by providing incentives and training to encourage them to suggest our products to aviation customers that are having periodic precaution accomplished on their aircraft.d. advertise and Sales Promotion PlanWe have an established marketing schema and a dedicated marketing department which will continue to use existing marketing campaigns. In addition, we suggest that online presence be increase on aviation related websites highlighting our ability to meet NextGen requirements specialized to each market area. Advertising in lot magazines is highly effective, as well as, partnering with our distributors, which we believe will be the most effective. We would ex pect that the recommendations of our maintenance partners will also be effective. Use of social media expands our customer contact through our Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram venues. We need to position our value proposition so that when they view of upgrading, they think of us first. Additional opportunities exist using sponsorships and displays at trade shows. We should leverage these by use of product demonstrations and contest giveaways to generate leads for our gross revenue force (Garmin Ltd., 2015, p.42).Branding StrategyThe Garmin name is synonymous with navigation technology. Our dodge is to paint in the consumers mind the image Garmin Leading The Way. We believe we are uniquely positioned to provide the values of quality, safety, and innovation to lead the way. Our name says it all with our North compass indicator, Leading The Way.(Garmin Ltd., n.d.)ReferencesFederal Aviation Administration. (2016). Performance ground Navigation. Retrieved from https//www.faa.gov/nextg en/update/operator_investments_and_airports/operator_investments/pbn/Garmin Ltd. (2015). 2015 10-K form. Retrieved from http//www.garmin.com/en-US/company/investorsGarmin Ltd. (n.d.). Logo Graphic. Retrieved from http//www8.garmin.com/company/newsroom/mediagallery/items.jsp?product=999-99999-11agree=ongetImages=GetThurber, M. (2015, January) Avionics for NextGen. Aviation International News. Retrieved from http//www.ainonline.com/sites/default/pdf/2015-01-avionics-for-nextgen.pdf

The Internal And External Validity And Reliability Psychology Essay

The Internal And out-of-door Validity And Reliability Psychology EssayThis chapter contains a description of the seek regularityology proposed for this memorize, including a restatement of the purpose and investigate questions. The chapter is nonionized with categories pertaining to the instrumentation, selective in urinateation collection, search methodology, honest concerns, and explanation of the statistical procedures apply for a descriptive quantitative analysis. The purpose of this issue is to examine the opinions and attitudes of the carbon monoxide gas mental health inst solelys clinical staff regarding the perceived honour of the Crisis barroom Institutes peaceable Crisis discussion Program purposed to manage violence in the hospitals in tolerant treatment settings. This go out(a) be accomplished through the expenditure of a contemplate designed to value the perceptions of those charged with providing send out c atomic number 18 to the mentally ill population of the Institute regarding the enduringness of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program to prevent and manage violent behavior. Designing an attitudinal purview in order to quantify results female genitalia be a challenging depute depending on what is creationness measured and selecting the appropriate estimate methodology. Most forms of assessment test large sample groups, with divergent sub-groups to contrast and compargon in terms of slays (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). The exit areas in the look that get out be employ for this assessment are of a non-comparative nature, meaning that each head is plated independently of the differents as foreign to comparing them to each other. The come utilise in the scurf go forth indicate the coitus slur of power points, but non the order of magnitude of difference surrounded by them. With respect to these parameters and limitations, this render away entrust pay the stare scores of the participants, along with calculations as to their score and central tendency. In addition, inferences pass on be make as to factors that whitethorn flip influenced the scoring choices made by the respondents.In the fields cogitate to education and social science, search exploring the attitudes, faceings, and lived experiences of the respondents is a good deal conducted through the aim of a slew methodology. Research data ga in that respectd in this manner drive out be categorized into four types measuring masters containing different film that determines the method of statistical analysis (Stevens, 1946). Perhaps the simplest though least statistically descriptive measurement scale is termed a tokenish scale, in which a micturate or material body is assigned to the value of the data for identifying purposes. Numbers apply in a nominal scale run through no particular order, magnitude, or signifi trickce in value other than for the purpose of id entification, and though this scale of measurement yields little in terms of detailed statistical information, there is discount authorisation for error secondary to the simplicity its construction (Stevens, 1946).In contrast, an no. matter scale is a take aim of measurement that does proffer a differentiation and value in the numerical assignment (Stevens, 1946). determine can be determined by the ranking the assigned metrical composition in either an change magnitude or decreasing fashion, dependent on the design and purpose of the explore instrument. An example of this would be 5 purpose ordinal scale used for an assessment of pain utilizing an increasing design. The number 1 would indicate the least amount of pain experienced, with the number 5 ascribed to the highest take of pain experienced and the add up in amid reflecting differences in experiential magnitude. Although in this example the aim of pain would be indicated by the numerical assignment, the diffe rence in the poesy in the ranking would non necessarily be equal or precise, and the differences between any 2 judge numbers would non indicate a express interval. Thus, an ordinal scale may be considered to be a more civilise method for measurement than a nominal scale, yet be less precise for in providing particular information in terms of magnitude than with other aims of measurement such(prenominal) as interval or proportion scales.Researchers seeking this type of information might use an interval scale, as there are equal spaces between any cardinal determine which will entrust more precise data than with a nominal or ordinal scale. As the distance between any two positions on an interval scale is of a known size, this method allows for the use of arithmetic ope proportionalityns, and the scale might be used for measurements pertaining to temperature, dollars, out to for, nor anything in which there is a transport measurable quantity with equality in units (S tevens, 1946). As with temperature, zero does not represent the absolute lowest value, and hence inferences regarding the ratios of data cannot be made as an interval scale does not have a true value of zero (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). A level of measurement that does possess a true value of zero and has the prop of ratios has many similarities to an interval scale, and is called a ratio scale. The corresponding ratios on the scale have the uniform meaning and the value of zero absolute, as in a measurement of height and weight (Thorndike Thorndike-Christ, 2009). The ratio scale can provide more specific information than the other levels of measurement however, its complexness can be a factor in terms of the potential for research error. All four of these levels of measurement can be used singly and at times conjunctively in the design of a rank scale instrument dependent on the type of research being conducted. at that placefore, the selection of a particular level of measurement is a sound concern for the researcher, as the success or failure of a research endeavor may lie in making an appropriate choice, as the subsequent types statistical analyses for each are varied and differentiated.Likert and Likert-Type Rating ScalesThe level of measurement most appropriate for this quantitative statistical field of study is an ordinal scale. As the localise of this study is on staff members attitudes, trying to figure subjective and what might be considered qualitative data into quantitative measurements requires a method for categorizing responses. At the same time, business must be accustomed in considering whether a particular scale item can be measured in terms of the distances between any two numbers in the rating scale. In 1932 Rensis Likert created and developed a methodology often used to assess ghosts, attitudes, and opinions by providing a rating scale grammatical construction that addressed this concern (Likert, 1932). This method h as widely utilized and adapted in many venues including education, social science, trade, and a variety of other applications with falsifiable research evidence that confirms its reliability and soundity (Abdel-Khalek, 1998 Chow Winzer, 1992 Maurer Andrews, 2000). This evidence further suggests that rating bias is reduced and the reliability of the rating is highest when a 5 or 7 point or higher rating scale is used (Stennet, 2002). As a result, a typical Likert scale typically has 5 to 7 categories with 3 or 4 point scales often considered excessively few, particularly when parametric statistical methods are applied (Garson, 2002). The categories in a 5-point Likert scale is often coded as 1- potently Disagree, 2 Disagree, 3 -Neutral, 4 Agree, and 5 Strongly Agree, with percentage and nonparametric statistics used for analysis. The simplest form of Likert scale is analyze in a summative manner with the mean value of a Likert-item put up by adding the number of responses t o a Likert-item and dividing it by the number of points used for the rating scale. Whether or not Likert scales can or should be analyzed using parametric versus nonparametric tests is a source of current controversy within the statistical community (Acock Martin, 1974). Efforts to quantify responses using parametric tests have led to an adaptation in scale design from the unequivocal Likert model, to what is termed a Likert-type scale (Clason Dormody, 1994).A Likert-type scale differs from a Likert scale in the statement questions being singular in the response alternatives, allowing for the data to be treated as interval scale data for parametric statistical analysis (Brown, 2000 Clason Dormody, 1994 Cliff, 1984 Hodgson, 2003). With this border on, the mean score of Likert-type data from each question or statement could be compared using a t -test, though factors cogitate to data distribution, sample size, and number of rating choices would inquire to be considered (Clason Dormody, 1994). This shift of ordinal rating scale data into that of an interval scale for the use of parametric statistical methods underscores the controversy identified by Acock Martin, 1974). As previously set forth in the levels of measurement, ordinal scales are ranked with no specific measurable difference or distance between the numerical categories, and statistical calculations used to determine the mean, standard deviation, and molds of correlation may result in inaccurate research findings (Har most Gatti, 2001 Miller, 1998). In the classic Likert scale design numbers to provide order and ranking, but since the actual distance and origin between the numbers is unknown, thus it cannot be scored in an additive manner palliate to indicate the central tendency and range of the responses (Dawes, 2008). This supports the contention that non-parametric test should be used for a quantitative analysis, though it could be argued there are methods that would be more stati stically accurate and valid, such as ordinal regression techniques (McCullagh, 1980). Furthermore, the calculation of the mean scores for the ordinal data would need to be established in order to be statistically valid in a analysis using parametric tests (Trochim, 2006), whereas those arguing against this approach contend that the median but not the mean can help whizself as a measure of central tendency (Trochim, 2006). For this study, the calculations for will leave off the mean, though the mode, median, and range of the score distribution will be presented.selective information compendA descriptive quantitative research methodology will be used for this study through the use of a stick to that was designed to collect data from the direct care providers at the carbon monoxide amiable health Institute. A survey methodology is often used for data collection from a specific population or from a sample of the population (Robson, 1993). Within the realm of psychology, surveys are used for company data about individuals, groups and system of ruless, and larger social networks (Rossi, Wright, and Anderson, 1983). Most Americans have participated in nearly form of survey in an either online or in a paper format whether in an educational, social science, political, or marketing research context. Many organizations have employees participate in satisfaction surveys, and surveys in general have become a sort of social barometer for monitor the publics attitudes and opinions. Often surveys target a specific population, with a sample survey focusing on subgroups determined by a variety of factors such as gender, race, geography, political beliefs etc. dependent on the nature and focus of the subject areas studied (Rossi, Wright and Anderson, 1983).The advantages and strengths of using a survey methodology for aggregation information are that they can be of a qualitative or quantitative design, and be slow administered to gather information quickly and stin gily (Leary , 1995). In the past, this was frequently accomplished through the use of paper and send out surveys, with the latter method used particularly when large populations were being surveyed. With advances in communication and digital technology, surveys can be conduct via electronic formats as varied as those associated with phones and computers. Other frequently used research methodologies such as personal interviews can be more time and damage intensive than with the use of a survey instrument, and anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents can be more difficult to control. These factors strongly influenced the researchers choice of a descriptive research methodology utilizing a survey instrument to assess the cobalt psychical Health institutes clinical employees attitudes, feelings, and lived experiences related to the crisis intervention reading program the organization has utilized for 25 years. Few attitudinal surveys have been conducted regarding this speci fic subject area, and a check up on of the literature did not reveal any studies concerning the long-term stupor of this type of learning on the culture of a mental puff upness organization.The cobalt Mental Health Institutes 2008 Safety SurveyAnother central factor that sponsored this researchers interest in designing and administering an attitudinal survey was a review of a preventative survey conducted at the Colorado Mental Health Institute in 2008. The Colorado Mental Health Institute currently uses a survey methodology for exit interviews with clients that are discharging from the facility, as well as surveys designed to gauge employees job satisfaction. The Institute has only conducted one survey that concerned the subject area of crisis intervention instruct being focused on in the proposed study for this dissertation. The purpose of the survey was say thusly In light of the high number of patient to staff lash outs in fiscal year 07-08, the hospital focused the a nnual ill Mode Effects and Analysis on the Management of Assaultive Patients, and assembled a workgroup to perform the analysis. The hospital director suggested a staff survey specific to perceptions of safety to be done as part of the work on reducing assaults (Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008). Although the survey provided somewhat interesting results, there was no data regarding the internal and validity of the survey instrument. Thus, the results are highly questionable in terms of these factors, and the survey cannot be considered quantitatively accurate, though it can provide useful information for growth a more scientifically accurate instrument by analyzing its incorrect design. It is important to note that in 2008 the Colorado Mental Health Institute had eight treatment units as opposed to the four that currently provide service for adults, with the closure of geriatric, adolescent, and children services in recent years.2008 Survey methodological ana lysisThere were approximately 240 surveys distributed to the direct care staff members, with 224 surveys submitted by participants indicating a 93% return rate. The survey focused on the entirenessd responses of nurses, Mental Health Clinicians, and Public Safety Officers (security) as the providers with the most direct care contact. The survey used a 5 point Likert scale shown beneath duck 1.12345Strongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly AgreeThe safety survey was comprised of four questionsI feel safe working(a) with patients on my unit.I feel safe when I float to another unit.Crisis concern training is useful/helpful in preparing me to deal effectively with provoke and escalated patients.I feel adequately trained to deal with offensive patients.There was one unrestricted question, asking What further training do you feel would be beneficial to prepare you to work with the miscellaneous patient populations at the Colorado Mental Health Institute and the assault jeopar dizes they present? duck 2. Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008.The survey presented tables illustrating findings specific to each treatment unit similar to the one above. They are not allowd in this study for the sake of brevity, however, it is important to note that there was some variation between the different populations responding to this survey and a slight difference between the aggroups and disciplines. These differences were small enough to lend credence to the aggregate results. Overall, the highest scored variable was I feel adequately trained to deal with assaultive patients at 3.96. The lowest scored variable was I feel safe when I float to another unit, at 3.21. CMT is useful/helpful in preparing me registered at a middle value at 3.21. All of the scores ranged between neutral and agree, and appear to have been derived using a summative method. The avocation tables further illustrate these findings (Colorado Mental Health Institute Safety Survey, 2008)Table 3.Table 4.There were only twenty responses to the open-ended question, What further training do you feel would be beneficial to prepare you to work with the various patient populations at the Colorado Mental Health Institute and the assault risks they present? Some of the responses did not specifically address training, for instance some(prenominal) respondents said they needed more staff. Other respondents asked for training specific to patient populations, age group, and diagnoses. Several respondents stated that there should be an orientation to any units before floating (i.e. working on unfamiliar units). In addition, some respondents felt that they just needed more training, or more practice.Analysis of the 2008 Safety SurveyConsidering that this survey uses a 5 point scale the variable indicating 3.21 when employees float might have to do with the reaction of working in a different treatment setting with patients, staff, and conditions with which the employee is un familiar. The 3.96 rating ascribed to feeling adequately trained is relatively high, though there is a disparity when contrasted with the 3.21 rating of the perception of crisis prudence training being useful. The fact that all the readings are neutral or higher would support the contention found in the literature review that some form of crisis management training is more beneficial and preferable to having none at all. The middle score for crisis management training and the tenor of some of the individual comments suggest a performance gap with regards to the training process. This may have had to do with the crisis management training approach, the amount of practice and experience an employee has with using the techniques, or the assessment methods utilized to evaluate employee competency. However, these inferences are merely found on think over as the reliability and validity of the research instrument was not established. In addition, using only four Likert-items the survey design seems too limited in scope to gather a comprehensive overview of the employees attitudes and opinions. Therefore, the results are subject to interpretation, lacking in specificity and clarity, and cannot be considered as valid and reliable empiric evidence.Data Analysis Methods for the Proposed SurveyThe data analysis for the proposed survey for this study will begin by examining the surveys for correctness and completeness, and then numerically secret writing the responses into a database in the PASW-18 software (Predictive Analysis Software) and performing an analysis of descriptive responses. Surveys that are incomplete will be were discarded from the analysis, and the frequency tables and descriptive statistics will display the results germane(predicate) to answering the research questions. As described previously, the calculations will exclude the mean, though the mode, median, and range of the score distribution will be presented. A Chi-square test will conducted to determine if a kin exists between frequencies, although it will not indicate the strength or controlling/negative direction of the relationship. This is consistent with standard statistics guidelines for using the non-parametric tests that will be used in this study as opposed to parametric tests for as Jamieson (2004) advises, the appropriate illative statistics for ordinal data are those employing non-parametric tests, such as chi-squared, Spearmans Rho, or the Mann-Whitney U-test1 because parametric tests require data of interval or ratio level (p. 2113). As the numbers in the survey that will be assigned to Likert-items fall into the ordinal measurement scale, the descriptive statistics will include a mode or median for central tendency and frequencies for variability, and the inferential non-parametric tests will follow Jameisons (2004) recommendations, including Spearman s Rho to detect linear relationships and Kendalls tau-b for any increasing or decreasing relationship b etween the Likert scale questions.Data assemblyCrisis intervention training is mandated for those staff members at the Colorado Mental Health Institute that provide direct care for clients residing in inpatient settings. In addition, those members in the Institutes administration that oversee this care are also mixed in biannual trainings. Therefore, the sample population will consist of 210 clinical staff members, with the surveys distributed in the upcoming training review for the clinical staff members at the Institute. Although attendance for this training is mandated for employees, it will be made give the axe that participation in the survey is voluntary, with the anonymity of the participants made clear to addressing the issues regarding confidentiality. The respondents will be assured that the survey is unidentified and confidential, though they will be given the opportunity to provide information regarding their respective disciplines, years of service, level of educati on, and gender. Once the data has been collected, the results will be recorded and statistically analyzed using PASW-18 software. Prior to the distribution of the surveys during training review, the purpose and importance of the study will be announced in each of the treatment units team meetings, and posted for all clinical staff members via the Institutes intranet e-mail service.Research Questions/Hypotheses_____ Describes specific research questions and hypotheses (where appropriate) that_____ Are clear and succinct_____ Are congruent with the tale of Problem_____ Are answerable/testable_____ Correspond to the number of variables of interest_____ establish hypotheses that correspond to research questions_____ Are clearly stated_____ Are open-ended (not yes/no questions)Population and SampleThe sampling frame for the survey consists of 210 members of the Institutes direct care staff, whose treatment teams multidisciplinary structure are comprised of management staff, nurses, soc ial workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, sanative recreation specialists, occupational therapists and mental health clinicians. Although these disciplines function within a team context, there are differences in terms of power and military position, as well as their amount of direct client care. Examples of these differences in lay are the administrators, psychologists, and psychiatrists that comprise the upper echelon within the teams, with middle managers functioning as liaisons between the lower ranking team members and those higher up in the organization. The social workers on the team have a middling status with regards to power and prestige with nurses and mental health clinicians representing the lowest status with the sterling(prenominal) amount of patient contact, though having the least contact with the hospital administration. Although this know factor is interesting from an organizational point of view, it is even more relevant in terms of the study as those staff members having the most direct contact with clients are the most likely to encounter and intervene in violent situations occurring on the inpatient units.Ethical ConcernsThere are ethical concerns inherent in any form of research study, particularly those involving the use of human subjects. To address these, procedures for protecting confidential and anonymity in data collection, analysis, reporting, and storage need to be developed and described. The researcher must be competent to perform the research procedures in order to reduce the risk of causing harm to human subjects, and the reputation of the sponsoring organization as well as the organization were the study is being conducted (Welman et al., 2005182). For this proposed study, the researcher has completed the coursework for the doctoral Program in Organizational Psychology at the University of the Rockies. This course of study has been grounded in the orientation and practice of conducting research, utilizing different ki nds of research methodologies, undergoing training relative to conducting legal, ethical, and appropriate research procedures, and applying qualitative and quantitative analysis in a variety of projects under the tutelage of qualified instructors at the doctoral level of education. There are a number of safeguards implemented by the University the Rockies to promise that ethical concerns are addressed in an appropriate manner, including a compulsion that the student completes two courses related exclusively to proper conduct and methodology in the research process, as well as the ethical research guidelines that need to be understood and followed. Throughout this training, the importance of the researchers work needing to be authentic and built upon his or hers own ideas have been emphasized, citing the use of other peoples ideas and data to avoid plagiarism. In addition, it has been made clear that providing data that is falsified or misleading is inappropriate and unethical. To ensure appropriate ethical standards are followed, student researchers at the University the Rockies are supervised by a committee of tether psychologists, one serving as the committee chairman who works closely with the student. Finally, if the committee supports and approves the research proposal, it is reviewed by the Universitys Research Review Board and institutional Review Board to ensure that the proposed study is original, contributes to the body of work in the field of psychology, and is held to the highest ethical standards.Factors related to the fairness of the proposed survey pose some ethical considerations. It is important that respondents understand the language used in the survey, and efforts have been made to make sure that each item is clear and easily understood. The specificity and clarity of the survey items was tested in the pilot study to assess if the respondents knowledgeable in the subject area interpreted each item in the intended way, and that this inte ntion is made clear. The survey items are of a relatively simple construction reviewing concepts revisited frequently end-to-end the training process. Efforts have been made to design a survey that meets the validity and reliability standards discussedThe scuttle of ethical concerns arising for the respondents in this proposed study are reduced secondary to the anonymous and confidential nature of the survey and that the previously, and the survey will be conducted with the same time parameters and conditions for all participants. voluntary participants being surveyed are employees as opposed to the Institutes clientele. Nevertheless, individuals participating in the survey may question the viability of keeping this information confidential, and worry that an honest and full disclosure of their views and feelings regarding the subject area may negatively impact their status within the organization. Efforts will be made to neutralize this factor by giving the respondents an accurat e description of the study, and pointing out the potential benefits for the organization by improving the welfare and safety the Colorado Mental Health Institutes clients, as well as those charged with the function of providing their care. The results of the study will be made available to all members of the Colorado Mental Health Institute, including any results that are associated with researcher error.InstrumentationThe survey proposed for this study was designed to gather data based on the proposed research questions, and provide information to make appropriate conclusions and inferences based on empirical data. The instrument was designed to measure each respondents opinions, attitudes, lived experiences regarding the perceived value and effectiveness of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program to manage violence. The attitudinal scale that will be used in the study will be based on a Likert scale, which is often used as a form of summative scale . The design is formatted using a variety of Likert scales with statements that the respondent evaluates by expressing their general level of agreement or disagreement. The scales proposed for this study to assess respondents perceptions of the Crisis Prevention Institutes Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Program effectiveness will use a 5-point Likert design. The survey is anonymous and voluntary with no identifying information, though clarifying information such as gender, years of service, occupation, and years of education will be requested. The Likert-items for the survey targeted three general areas 1) training objectives and content, 2) method and training context, and 3) expediency and knowledge transfer. In the first category, 8 Likert-items refer to specific aspects and components in the training process. The second category contains 7 Likert-items that concerns applications of the training outside of the training event, as well as how it integrates with other training init iatives sponsored by the Colorado Mental Health Institute. The third and final category contains 6 Likert-items that are designed to explore employee attitudes regarding the training in terms of its relevance and usage in real-life situations. Table 4. shows the rating scale that is used consistently throughout the survey, and for each of the three described categories.Table 4. Rating Scale.12345Strongly AgreeAgree uncomplete Agree or DisagreeDisagreeStrongly DisagreeThe survey has been reviewed by a panel of experts (committee members), who offered recommendations to make the Likert-items more specific and measurable, and then was administered to a screening sample of five people comprised of subjects similar to those who will eventually participate in the survey for this study. The inclusion of the neutral uncomplete Agree or Disagree category was included to avoid forcing the respondents to consume a response. The numbers of choices on a 5-point scale will present an odd numbe r of choices, allowing respondents to remain neutral. The decision on whether or not to include a neutral category in a survey has been debated, with a decision either way potentially impacting the assessment results (Mogey, 1999). The participants in the screening/pilot sample will be excluded from the final kitten of respondents for the survey, which was designed to be completed no more than 10 proceedings of time. Some of the considerations in constructing the survey include respondents possibly being influenced by the way they have answered previous questions, in terms of establishing a pattern that they feel the need to break. In addition, some members may desire to take extreme options but instead temper their responses with more moderate ones. This can be sometimes a challenge in terms of test in a psychologically oriented environment, where participants are adept at finding and arguing dichotomous and often opposing viewpoints.Internal and External ValidityEstablishing th e reliability and validity of the survey instrument proposed for this research study is fundamental as it is created as opposed to a published instrument. Suskie (1996) describes a questionnaire or survey as reliable when it elicits consistent responses from the participants, and this can be accomplished by providin

The Disabled Patients Using Embedded Systems Information Technology Essay

The Disabled Patients Using Embedded Systems Information engineering science Essay impediments argon those frightful things you see when you take your eyes attain the goal. This quote was rendered by a famous philosopher Hannah Moore in order to do the Disabled. Of the disenable people those who argon physically challenged, the blind, old people and those injury from diseases such as Osteoporosis and rheumatics face problems in their routine life in the master(prenominal) because of LOCOMOTION.ASTHRA is an machine-driven, dynamic retention mapped robotic fomite ( rhythm chairperson) which enables the disabled to carry on their change of location with ease and confidence. The fomite mainly consists of four basic components including a infix WEB SERVER, DC re wink (WIPER TYPE) with driver circle, an ULTRASONIC transmitter and recipient role to watch over obstacles, a Radio Frequency remote (transmitter receiveR) and Programmable and fudge memory whole. The entire com ponent stooge be viewed as a robotic-fomite fitted with 2 High advocate and high torque travels. These labors atomic number 18 placed at the hub of the fomites tyre and their chief aim is to drive or render fit power to pull the pack of the patient of to move approximately. The twain motors are fixed on the hub of the roves and they are placed in such a manner that they render suitable locomotion ground on the zest of the drug drug user. The most important feature of ASTHRA is the introduce web SERVERS. The use of the embedded web servers is to transfer informations regarding the patients temperature, pulse, ECG and other important incumbent features that postulate to be transmitted during times of emergency. The use of the embedded systems is an added advantage for our system. In our case, a RF remote is provided as an interface between the user and the fomite. The motors are provided with a DRIVING enlistment which is connected to a video MICROCONTROLLER BOARD . The Microcontroller board enables self-propelled reposition MAPPING by utilizing the TRAIN AND set method. Utilizing the ULTRASONIC OBSTACLE DETECTION circuit, the Microcontroller building block programs itself as per the dimensions of a event house/place. The ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER driven by the COMPARATOR CIRCUIT enable enhanced Obstacle sensing. Thus ASTHRA combines upon various features which render potent locomotion to the disabled.INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECTSURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST This is what the world is all about today. Every individual is expected to excel irrespective of his/her disability. ASTHRA is a junto of the automatise fomite and the embedded systems. ASTHRA similarly provides a platform for the automated locomotion fro the disabled. A Disabled person is one who faces upon the challenge of be not able to perform a particular or a basic draw which is rendered upon by a normal individual. Disabled persons are those who are visually impaired, Deaf, Dumb, physically challenged etc. Human life is rudimentary without locomotion.The main aim of ASTHRA is to provide an interface between the patients and their locomotion to the coveted place especially in the hospitals. The added concept of the embedded web servers as well makes effective communication between the hospital record system containing the expatiate of the patients records regarding their modes of treatments Utilizing a suitable decision fashioning thingmabob such as a MICROCONTROLLER, we render effective and AUTOMATED locomotion.A MICROCONTROLLER can be regarded as a COMPUTER-ON a CHIP. Such a microcontroller can be utilized for DYNAMIC remembrance MAPPING, wherein the microcontroller unit programs itself utilizing the TRAIN AND EXECUTE mode. thereof by utilizing this Dynamic memory single-valued function technique we can appreciate of building up fomites which can be AUTOMATED as well(p) as ADJUSTABLE to a particular scenario/environment. This idea of building automated fomites combined with embedded systems for the disabled would revolutionize the existing scenario of manual wheel chair movement which makes a patient to be DEPENDENT on nighone to enable him carry out his locomotion.EXISTING SCENARIOSManual wheel chairs and stretchers are provided today for the in-patients and physically handicapped. These chairs are the special mechanical entities fitted upon with post wheels along with several holders which enable movement from one place to another. The chief(a) disadvantage in this mechanics is the NEED TO BE DEPENDENT on others for locomotion. alike this system is MANUAL, ie it operates completely by humane operation.To conglomeration up the tramp the servers and the entire locomotive unit provides transportation as well as transfer of requirement information. It should be noted that the mechanism of transferring the information regarding the status of the patient while taking him/her from the ward to the intensive c are unit or the Operation theatre automatically is extremely appreciable. The disadvantage of the traditional medical transportation facilities areIt isnt DYNAMIC.There is no mechanism to detect OBSTACLES. The patient involves to be highly alert regarding the obstaclesThe wheel chair cannot reach onto the patient every time.No kind of information could be passed from the existing system.The disadvantages proposed here are successfully overcome in our PROPOSED system.PROPOSED organizationARCHITECTURE OF ASTHRAThe above diagram is a brief limn of the entire system. The specifications are as follows.DCM These are high power DC Motors which are utilized to render necessary power to carry on / throw the patients weight. These are fitted on the hub of the robotic vehicles wheels and they enable to control the motion of the Vehicle. The movement of the vehicle based on the motor is enunciated belowSTATE OF THE RIGHT MOTORSTATE OF THE LEFT MOTORDIRECTION OF MOTIONON tallyMOVES RIGHTOFFO NMOVES LEFTONONMOVES trueOFFOFFSTOPSTable1 Vehicle Movement tableMDC This stands for the Motor Driving Circuit. It is connected to the memory MANAGEMENT UNIT. Based on the control rendered by the Memory management unit, the MDC drives the motor which controls the movement of the vehicles wheels.RF mental faculty This stands for the Radio Frequency Receiver Module which is used to rise the vehicle to a particular place. The patient is provided with an RF remote by which he can summon the chair to whatsoever placeOBST DRV This stands for the Obstacle detection drivers which detect obstacles on the way. Ultrasonic Receivers and Transmitters are fitted upon the Obstacle detection ruse which detects Obstacles on the way. A Buzzer is in whatsoever case fitted to this circuit which beeps when an obstacle is encountered. This Obstacle Driving circuit is run by a COMPARATOR circuit which responds to obstacles.MMU The spunk of the system is the Memory management Unit, which cons ists of a PIC MICROCONTROLLER. It enables DYNAMIC reminiscence MAPPING which enables the vehicle to be AUTOMATED. The MMU controls the other circuits connected. It can be regarded as the centralized system of the Vehicle.EWS (Embedded web server) -The central function unit to string access on an embedded system via sack up browser is the electronic network server. This is used to send the information through the inter-network it maintains for future use.DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPINGMemory Mapping is nothing but PROGRAMMING your Microcontroller unit to perform the necessary tasks. DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING enables a microcontroller unit to program itself according to the present scenario. It uses a technique namely, TRAIN AND EXECUTE. This enables the device to program itself based on the situation. This is utilized to determine the end points of the way of life. ponder the vehicle reaches to the wall of the room and is unable to move forward, if u looker upon the TRAIN circuit the dev ice automatically adjusts its path and traces to the door. Now it stores the acquire co-ordinate values onto its memory and traces the path correctly. This is called as DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING TECHNIQUE.There is another schema called as STATIC MEMORY MAPPING. In this schema the microcontroller unit is programmed beforehand. The exact positions of the door, co-ordinates of the house are fixed. The vehicle automatically moves based on the patients wish. But if the place is changed we need to REPROGRAM the microcontroller. So in order to overcome this difficulty we normally prefer DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING.SWITCHING CIRCUITThe Switching Circuit consists of a serial of Switches which enable the Vehicle to move based on the patients opinion. These are this instant coupled to the MMU which in turn drives the motor and the entire Vehicle. When the patient enters in a particular choice, the appropriateaction is performed.Thus when the appropriate assemble is pressed upon the adequate moveme nt to the corresponding section is enunciated. excessively the main purpose of ASTHRA is the ability of transferring of information such asBlood pulse rateHeart beat countBlood pressure bole temperatureThe entire above are captured exploitation robotic medical tools which contain suitable detectors detecting any change from the pre-stored values and sends them to the system which controls it. The main aptitude of this robotic vehicle is moving from room to the room with just the control of the rf remote. The embedded web server is utilized for the sole purpose of transeunt message to the internet which is maintained by itself and can be analyse for future references. Also the development of softwares and the implementation of hi-fi robots will verify that automatic causality treatment may be habituated to the patients without the wait on of trained professionals.RF LINKThe RF attach mainly consists of two components.The RF TransmitterThe RF ReceiverThe RF Transmitter is do onto a Remote Control and rendered to the patient. This can be utilized to summon the vehicle to any inclined place.The RF Receiver present at the Vehicle responds to the RF Transmitter remote and follows the Radio Frequency Link path to reach onto the Remote(RF Transmitter)The emblem given from the RF remote instructs the robotic vehicle to arrive at the suitable place needed. This might be a disadvantage as he range of this remote will be lesser, even though the vehicle will attain station points in each room.DIAGRAMThe overall block diagram of the automated vehicle is shown.The remote control is in the hand of the patient and he can summon the vehicle. This remote transmits a RF signal which is received by the RF receiver in the automated Vehicle. Based on the signal received the PIC is programmed to move the wheel chair to the user. The movement of the Vehicle to the person is based on the program embedded in it. The vehicle consist of the ULTRASONIC sensor circuit which is driven by the comparator circuit ( COMP CKT ) as shown in the figure. This detects the obstacle and stops the wheel chair from acquire hit. It produces a sound when there is an obstacle. Depending on the memory map in the PIC the driver H bridge IC drives the DC motor circuit. This DC motor is connected to the hub of the wheel. Using the SWITCHING CIRCUIT the MMU moves the Vehicle in the appropriate direction. The EMBEDDED WEB SERVER circuitry enables to transfer informations onto a centaralized meshing page/Web server.The above diagram shows the brief outline of the movement of the vehicle.Embedded web serversThe most important feature of this take in is the Embedded Web Servers. The need for use Web Servers is to transfer necessary information about the patients even during the process of transferring the patient from one room to other. The embedded Internet integration for remote maintenance and diagnostic as well as the so-called M2M communication is growth with a goodish speed rate. Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Web browsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for many development projects. Innumerous development departments people work on completely Web based configurations and services for embedded systems. The remaining eld of the classic user interface made by a runty LC-display with front panel and a a couple of(prenominal) function keys are over. through and through future evolutions in the field of the mobile Internet, Bluetooth-based PANs (Personal Area Networks) and the rapidly growing M2M communication (M2M=Machine-to-Machine) a further innovating advance is to be expected. The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser is the Web server.For example consider a patient being transferred from the normal ward to the ICU or the OP the ward boy or the patients relatives can press the RF remote. The robotic vehicle would come to that place. If th e normal tenderness beat rate is 72 beats per min and if ASTHRA detects it to be some 45 beats per min (all these happening in the due program of motion) it may be seen that ASTHRA would inform or send information using the embedded web servers. The doctors would adapt to the situation suitably and be on the watch before the patient reaches the destination.key advantages OF THE PROJECTThe key advantages of the project acknowledgeDYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING TECHNIQUE which enables the vehicle to adjust to any locationThe ability to SUMMON the vehicle to any given place.The patient can be INDEPENDENT without being DEPENDENT on others for his movement. economical Obstacle detection performance due to the presence of ULTRASONIC transmitter/receiver.Efficient communication between the web servers and theHigh power haul up ability is established due to the presence of two High power motors.Easy circuitry wherein the MMU acts as the Central Control unit of the vehicle.FUTURE ENHANCEMENTSTh e pursuit are the future enhancements which we have planned,In the present project, the origin of the vehicle, ie the place from which it has to start is predetermined. In our next venture, we would like to include upon ancestry FINDING ALGORITHMS which would dynamically fix upon its origin. So each day the vehicle can start from different unique locations. Rapid construction of the human activity observation system at low cost is necessary with respect to research into human activities and commercialization. The use of the omni directional ultrasonic sensors is also optimum. The reason for the above is as follows, the omni directional ultrasonic location sensor is useful because the number of sensors to be attached can be reduced.We have also planned to introduced GPS to make our system far amore efficientAlso we have planned to increase the efficiency of the system by using VLSI and other mechanisms in our future endeavors.CONCLUSIONThe automated vehicle is aimed towards the so cial welfare of the disabled. Even though various technologies have been introduces off late, a few alone are aimed towards locomotion. ASTHRA being a venture which is fully based on locomotion fulfills this requirement by rendering an efficient mechanism of locomotion for the disabled. Locomotion which is the essential function for any individual is also made available to the Disabled by the use of ASTHRA. ASTHRA goes on to the despotic level of fulfilling the dreams of the disabled thereby bring them close to the common man. Also ASTHRA eradicates the necessity for the disabled to be dependent on others, thereby making them INDEPENDENT. The complete automated feature of ASTHRA makes it possible to handle it upon any given place under any given circumstances. The dynamic memory mapping feature portrays upon its Self sufficiency and the ability to adjust itself to any given environment. The EMBEDDED WEB SERVERS concept further acts as a square in the crown of ASTHRA. This concept enables the doctors to get fast access regarding the patients. In todays fast and ever-changing world, the quality of services rendered is becoming highly important. ASTHRA caters to this need in a highly effective manner. Also it is 100% user friendly which can be rendered from the fact that it can be summoned to any given place. To help others is to help God himself is a well know saying. Hence by developing ASTHRA we feel that we can help a couple of disabled people thereby rendering a crushed piece of contribution to both the Society and the Country.Being Students of Technology we potently feel that ASTHRA would be a landmark of both Technological as well as Social excellence .If our project could help the disabled and render a peaceful life to them, then the success of our project would have been achieved.